How Long Does Nicotine Last?

Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in all tobacco products, including cigarettes, pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff. E-cigarettes and vapes contain nicotine as well. While nicotine is not considered a controlled substance, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 in the United States, with some states raising the minimum age to 21.

Knowing how long nicotine is in your system can help you understand more about how it might be affecting your body and when you might start to experience withdrawal effects if you decide to stop using nicotine-containing products. If you are quitting, it's also helpful to know how long nicotine will stay in your body so you can time your use of nicotine replacement therapy.

Your body breaks nicotine down into many chemicals, including cotinine, which can be detected in certain drug tests. Cotinine is only found in your body if you have processed nicotine and, in general, stays in the body longer than nicotine itself. Some employers and insurance companies may ask for nicotine testing due to the nature of the work or to determine coverage.                                              

How Long Does It Take Nicotine to Work?

Nicotine acts quickly in the body. After taking a puff from your cigarette, the substance enters the bloodstream and makes it to the brain within 20 seconds.

The amount of nicotine that enters the body varies based on how the drug is administered. For instance, chewing or snorting nicotine-containing products can cause more of the substance to be released than if it is smoked. 

Nicotine is a stimulant. After it's taken, people quickly experience a surge in adrenaline that causes blood pressure and heart rate to go up.

Nicotine also increases the levels of a brain chemical called dopamine. This can improve mood and increase feelings of pleasure.

Half-Life of Nicotine

Nicotine has a half-life of about two hours. A drug's half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the dosage administered to be eliminated from the body.

When nicotine is smoked as a cigarette or inhaled from another tobacco product, it is mostly absorbed through the lungs. Less often, nicotine is absorbed through mouth and throat membranes. If you chew tobacco or use nicotine gum, lozenges, or patches, nicotine can also be absorbed in your gastrointestinal tract or skin.

Nicotine is mainly metabolized in the liver, but also in the lungs and kidneys. It is primarily excreted by the kidneys via urine, with some nicotine being excreted in the feces. Nicotine can also be found in saliva and hair.

Urine

The amount of cotinine in your urine will vary depending on the amount and frequency of nicotine use. On average, nicotine shows in the urine for about three days. Although, regular smokers may have detectable levels for as long as 20 days.

Blood

Nicotine shows up in blood tests, as do its metabolites, including cotinine and anabasine. Nicotine itself may be present in the blood for only 48 hours, while cotinine may be detectable for up to three weeks. After blood is drawn in a lab, results can take from two to 10 days.

Saliva

Nicotine stays in your saliva for about 24 hours, making it detectable with saliva tests taken during this time. Cotinine can be detected for up to seven days after it was last used or up to 14 days in heavy smokers. To perform this test, a technician swabs the inside of your mouth and tests oral fluids for nicotine. Results can take 24 to 72 hours.

Hair

As with other substances,hair follicle testing can detect nicotine for much longer periods of time. This method tends to be less common, however, because it is usually more expensive. The test requires the removal of a small amount of hair that is tested for repeated nicotine use over the last 90 days. Results typically take one to five days.

False Positive Testing

A compound called thiocyanate—which is found in some medications and foods such as broccoli, garlic, radishes, almonds, and cabbage—can result in a false positive blood test result. Vegetarians may have elevated levels of this substance in their blood due to increased consumption of thiocyanate-containing foods.

Factors That Affect How Long Nicotine Stays in Your Body

How long nicotine appears in your system at a detectable level depends largely on the type of test being used. And since each person's body processes nicotine differently, it is nearly impossible to determine a timeframe of detection with 100% confidence.

Factors that can affect how quickly your body metabolizes nicotine include:

• Age: As you age, it becomes more difficult for your body to excrete nicotine, enabling it to stay in your system longer.
• Body mass: Nicotine can be stored in fatty tissue. So, the more body fat you have, the longer nicotine may be detectable in your body.
• Genetics: Research has found that a person's genetic makeup can impact their nicotine metabolism rate.
• Hydration level: Being well-hydrated helps your body to metabolize substances more efficiently.
• Level of physical activity: The skin helps regulate the excretion of metabolic waste products. So, with increased sweating during physical activity comes increased excretion rates.
• Type, frequency, and history of use: Nicotine accumulates in the body. The more you use, the longer it can take to leave. So, if you have been smoking for a long time, it will take longer for nicotine to fully leave your body.

Smoking vs. Vaping vs. Chewing

How nicotine is administered may have an impact on how much of it is delivered. One study that compared nicotine doses between heavy smokers and e-cigarette users found that vaping devices deliver nicotine at slightly lower levels than cigarettes.

Chew and dip tobacco, on the other hand, contains higher levels of nicotine than cigarettes. The exact amount absorbed (and therefore needs to be eliminated) can depend on the brand of tobacco, the acidity level of the product, and the amount chewed. Blood serum levels are about the same when comparing smokeless tobacco use to that of cigarettes.

How to Get Nicotine Out of Your System

If you are ready to quit smoking and want to quit cold turkey, you may want to start by getting nicotine out of your system as quickly as possible. The first step in getting nicotine out of your system and starting to detox from this substance is to completely stop using all products that contain it.

Once you stop using nicotine, there are some steps you can take that may speed up how quickly the drug is excreted from your system.

• Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water can help remove nicotine and its metabolites from your body through urine.
• Eat nutritious foods. Sticking to a healthful diet that includes plenty of antioxidant-containing foods may speed up how quickly nicotine is removed from your system. Foods high in antioxidants include several fruits and vegetables, almonds, sunflower seeds, salmon, and eggs.
• Exercise. Regular physical activity can increase your metabolism and the rate at which the drug is processed and cleared from your body.

Symptoms of Overdose

Being aware of how long nicotine lasts can also help reduce the risk of accidentally taking too much. Ingesting too much nicotine can result in nicotine poisoning. Nicotine tests may be performed if nicotine poisoning is suspected. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning can include:

• Excessive salivation
• Elevated blood pressure
• Increase heart rate
• Rapid breathing
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Stomachache
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Tremors
• Confusion

Most nicotine poisoning cases have traditionally involved young children who got their hands on nicotine gum or patches. Although most cases are still in kids, adult cases are also now being reported more often due to e-cigarette use.

The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) recommends the following safety tips for users of e-cigarettes:

• Protect your skin when handling the products.
• Keep e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine out of the reach of children.
• Follow the disposal instructions on the label.
• If someone has been exposed, call 1-800-222-1222 immediately.

Getting Help to Quit Nicotine

While there are no easy, pain-free ways to kick your nicotine habit, there are plenty of resources to help you develop a solid smoking cessation plan.

Because nicotine can lead to physical and psychological dependence, stopping your use of the substance can result in withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms may include:

• Intense nicotine cravings
• Fatigue
• Headaches
• Nausea
• Increased hunger
• Poor concentration
• Irritability
• Insomnia
• Depression
• Anxiety

At first, these symptoms can be *really* intense and unpleasant. The good news is that they usually decline in severity after three to five days.

There are a number of smoking cessation treatments that can help you get through the withdrawal period and improve long-term abstinence. Nicotine-replacement therapy, such as the nicotine patch, can help you slowly reduce your nicotine intake and ease withdrawal symptoms. 

Your doctor can also prescribe medications like Zyban (bupropion) and Chantix (varenicline) to help reduce nicotine cravings and reduce withdrawal symptoms. This may help improve your chances of quitting nicotine successfully.

Takeaways

Nicotine starts affecting your body very quickly, but it takes longer to wear off and completely clear from your body. Understanding how long nicotine lasts is important, since taking too much can lead to overdose. 

While you might be tempted to quit cold turkey and try to clear all the nicotine from your body as fast as you can, this can lead to worse withdrawal symptoms. If that is a concern, talk to your doctor about gradually tapering your nicotine dose over time. Nicotine replacement therapy is one option, but your doctor might also suggest certain medications to help you deal with withdrawal.