The Trait Theory of Leadership

The trait theory of leadership postulates that successful leadership arises from certain inborn personality traits and characteristics that produce consistent behavioral patterns. This line of research emerged as one of the first investigations into the nature of effective leadership.

Trait Theory of Leadership: The Rationale

The trait theory of leadership is tied to the "great man" theory of leadership first proposed by Thomas Carlyle in the mid-1800s. According to Carlyle, history is shaped by extraordinary leaders. This ability to lead is something that people are simply born with, Carlyle believed, and not something that could be developed. Carlyle's ideas inspired early research on leadership, which almost entirely focused on inheritable traits.

Carlyle's Approach

Carlyle's theory of leadership was based on the rationale that:

• Certain traits produce certain patterns of behavior.
• Patterns are consistent across different situations.
• People are born with leadership traits.

Even today, books, and articles tout the various characteristics necessary to become a great leader, suggesting that leadership is somehow predestined in some (or is at least more likely) while unlikely, if not impossible, in others.

Other Theories

Since the publication of Carlyle's thesis, psychologists have examined and argued about the trait-based theory of leadership. From the 1940s to the 1970s, psychologist Ralph Melvin Stogdill suggested that leadership is the result of the interaction between the individual and the social situation and not merely the result of a predefined set of traits.

Soon after in the 1980s, James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner posited that credibility was a key indicator of leadership skills, characterized by such traits as being honest, forward-looking, inspiring, and competent.

Leadership Traits

While the list of leadership traits can vary by whoever is drawing up the list, a recent study outlined behavioral traits that separated lower-level supervisors from higher-level supervisors.

According to the researchers, the traits most commonly associated with great leadership include:

• Adaptability and flexibility: Effective leaders don't get stuck in a rut. They are able to think outside of the box and adapt quickly to changing situations.
• Assertiveness: A great leader is able to be direct and assertive without coming off as overly pushy or aggressive.
• Capacity to motivate people: A great leader knows how to inspire others and motivate them to do their best.
• Courage and resolution: The best leaders are brave and committed to the goals of the group. They do not hide from challenges.
• Creativity: Perhaps most importantly, great leaders not only possess their own creativity, but they are also able to foster creativity among members of the group.
• Decisiveness: A great leader is capable of making a decision and is confident in his or her choices.
• Eagerness to accept responsibility: Strong leaders take on responsibility and don't pass the blame on to others. They stand by their success and take ownership of their mistakes.
• Emotional stability: In addition to being dependable overall, strong leaders are able to control their emotions and avoid overreactions.
• Intelligence and action-oriented judgment: Great leaders and smart and make choices that move the group forward.
• Need for achievement: Strong leaders have a need to succeed and help the group achieve goals. They genuinely care about the success of the group and are committed to helping the group reach these milestones.
• People skills: Excellent interpersonal skills are essential for leading effectively. Great leaders know how to interact well with other leaders as well as with team members.
• Perseverance: Strong leaders stick with it, even when things get difficult or the group faces significant obstacles.
• Self-confidence: Many of the best leaders are extremely self-assured. Because they are confident in themselves, followers often begin to share this self-belief.
• Task competence: A great leader is skilled and capable. Members of the group are able to look to the leader for an example of how things should be done.
• Trustworthiness: Group members need to be able to depend upon and trust the person leading them.
• Understanding their followers and their needs: Effective leaders pay attention to group members and genuinely care about helping them succeed. They want each person in the group to succeed and play a role in moving the entire group forward.

Controversy on the Trait Theory

Early studies on leadership focused on the differences between leaders and followers and assumed that people in leadership positions display more leadership traits than those in subordinate positions.

Researchers found, however, that relatively few traits could be used to distinguish between leaders and followers. For example, leaders tend to be great communicators. Leaders also tend to be higher in traits such as extroversion, self-confidence, and height, but these differences tended to be small.

Some have suggested that this may due to situational variables in which leadership skills only emerge when an opportunity for leadership arises (such as in war, during a political crisis, or in the absence of leadership).

Meanwhile, others have taken a contingency approach to leadership in which certain traits can be more effective in some situations and less so in others. Opinions vary on what those traits are and to what degree they can predict success, if at all.

Leadership in the Internet Age

More controversial yet is the contention that some people don't have the traits to become leaders. Such a belief inherently overlooks social and economic inequities that limit, if not entirely erase, a person's potential to lead.

It also overlooks the changing economy and how leadership is defined when connections are today made both online and offline.

The Takeaway

Although these traits are often linked to effective leadership, it is important to note that few leaders possess all of these traits. Generally, a strong leader has many, but not all, of these qualities.

Aspects of the situation also play an important role in determining if people can lead well. In many cases, it is the interaction between these traits and the situation that determines leadership quality.